Jessica Kourkounis for The New York Times
The Germantown area of Philadelphia was formerly
considered solidly middle class but is now mostly low income.
"Everything started going down in the dumps," a longtime resident said.
The study, conducted by Stanford University and scheduled for release on Wednesday by the
Russell Sage Foundation and
Brown University, uses census data to examine family income at the neighborhood level in the country’s 117 biggest metropolitan areas.
The findings show a changed map of prosperity in the United States over
the past four decades, with larger patches of affluence and poverty and a
shrinking middle.
In 2007, the last year captured by the data, 44 percent of families
lived in neighborhoods the study defined as middle-income, down from 65
percent of families in 1970. At the same time, a third of American
families lived in areas of either affluence or poverty, up from just 15
percent of families in 1970.
The study comes at a time of growing concern about inequality and an
ever-louder partisan debate over whether it matters. It raises, but does
not answer, the question of whether increased economic inequality, and
the resulting income segregation, impedes social mobility.
Much of the shift is the result of changing income structure in the
United States. Part of the country’s middle class has slipped to the
lower rungs of the income ladder as manufacturing and other middle-class
jobs have dwindled, while the wealthy receive a bigger portion of the
income pie. Put simply, there are fewer people in the middle.
But the shift is more than just changes in income. The study also found
that there is more residential sorting by income, with the rich flocking
together in new exurbs and gentrifying pockets where lower- and
middle-income families cannot afford to live.
The study — part of
US2010,
a research project financed by Russell Sage and Brown University —
identified the pattern in about 90 percent of large and medium-size
metropolitan areas for 2000 to 2007. Detroit; Oklahoma City; Toledo,
Ohio; and Greensboro, N.C., experienced the biggest rises in income
segregation in the decade, while 13 areas, including Atlanta, had
declines. Philadelphia and its suburbs registered the sharpest rise
since 1970.
Sean F. Reardon, an author of the study and a sociologist at Stanford,
argued that the shifts had far-reaching implications for the next
generation. Children in mostly poor neighborhoods tend to have less
access to high-quality schools, child care and preschool, as well as to
support networks or educated and economically stable neighbors who might
serve as role models.
The isolation of the prosperous, he said, means less interaction with
people from other income groups and a greater risk to their support for
policies and investments that benefit the broader public — like schools,
parks and public transportation systems. About 14 percent of families
lived in affluent neighborhoods in 2007, up from 7 percent in 1970, the
study found.
The study groups neighborhoods into six income categories. Poor
neighborhoods have median family incomes that are 67 percent or less of
those of a given metropolitan area. Rich neighborhoods have median
incomes of 150 percent or more. Middle-income neighborhoods are those in
which the median income is between 80 percent and 125 percent.
The map of that change for Philadelphia is a red stripe of wealthy
suburbs curving around a poor, blue urban center, broken by a few red
dots of gentrification. It is the picture of the economic change that
slammed into Philadelphia decades ago as its industrial base declined
and left a shrunken middle class and a poorer urban core.
The Germantown neighborhood, once solidly middle class, is now mostly
low income. Chelten Avenue, one of its main thoroughfares, is a
hard-luck strip of check-cashing stores and takeout restaurants. The
stone homes on side streets speak to a more affluent past, one that
William Wilson, 95, a longtime resident, remembers fondly.
“It was real nice,” he said, shuffling along Chelten Avenue on Monday.
Theaters thrived on the avenue, he said, as did a fancy department
store. Now a Walgreens stands in its place. “Everything started going
down in the dumps,” he said.
Philadelphia’s more recent history is one of gentrifying neighborhoods,
like the Northern Liberties area, where affluence has rushed in, in the
form of espresso shops, glass-walled apartments and a fancy supermarket,
and prosperous new suburbs that have mushroomed in the far north and
south of the metro area.
Lawrence Katz, an economist at Harvard, said the evidence for the
presumed adverse effects of economic segregation was inconclusive. In a
recent study
of low-income families randomly assigned the opportunity to move out of
concentrated poverty into mixed-income neighborhoods, Professor Katz
and his collaborators found large improvements in physical and mental
health, but little change in the families’ economic and educational
fortunes.
But there is evidence that income differences are having an effect,
beyond the context of neighborhood. One example, Professor Reardon said,
is a growing gap in standardized test scores between rich and poor
children, now 40 percent bigger than it was in 1970. That is double the
testing gap between black and white children, he said.
And the gap between rich and poor in college completion — one of the
single most important predictors of economic success — has grown by more
than 50 percent since the 1990s, said Martha J. Bailey, an economist at
the University of Michigan. More than half of children from high-income
families finish college, up from about a third 20 years ago. Fewer than
10 percent of low-income children finish, up from 5 percent.
William Julius Wilson, a sociologist at Harvard who has seen the study,
argues that “rising inequality is beginning to produce a two-tiered
society in America in which the more affluent citizens live lives
fundamentally different from the middle- and lower-income groups. This
divide decreases a sense of community.”
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